How to control pests without pesticides and insecticides, and what are their basic biological effects?

As we know pesticides %26amp; insecticides are dangerous in many ways, I want to know the basic biological effects of these and control of these and pests and insects.How to control pests without pesticides and insecticides, and what are their basic biological effects?
in INDIA we use NEEM tree leaves they are the best and provide overall protection just boil those leaves in water n spray it


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It worked wonders with my house n no side effects of those chemicals tooHow to control pests without pesticides and insecticides, and what are their basic biological effects?
An alternative way to control pests are biological control methods, increasing the numbers of species that prey on the insects, eg. some bird species.





Bacillus thuringiensis is a fungus which kills flies, but is harmless to other species.





Also, traps can be set up, for example in Africa, it was discovered that tsetse flies are attracted to blue and black. So using an attractant, such as cow urine, and a big blue and black striped sheet, flies can be lured into an electic mesh, or a small area with insecticide. In this way there is minimal contamination of the environment with insecticide.